Quality Improvement Plan Essay

Executive Summary Chattanooga Cares is a privately owned, not-for-profit HIV/AIDS clinic located in downtown Chattanooga. Owned and operated by Dr. Jay Sizemore, it was founded in December 2003 to provide medical needs for the underserved HIV positive patients in Chattanooga, Tennessee and 22 surrounding counties. Although its staff is small, consisting of a full-time work force of less than 30, they serve their community by offering AIDS testing, counseling, HIV treatment plans, and assistance with employment, housing, transportation, and childcare. Chattanooga Cares has one very important goal – reducing the levels of sickness in HIV/ AIDS patients. Therefore, the management team has designed a Quality Improvement Plan to tackle this goal. This aspiration has two components; the first concerns itself with the education of the community, and the second revolves around reducing the levels of sickness in already affected patients. Implementation begins with education of the staff in areas of HIV/AIDS protection, treatment, and counseling. Outreach programs, taught by the staff, will be offered to guide the community in AIDS awareness. Data collection tools such as patient tracking system and disease specific flow charts will be utilized to scrutinize the effectiveness of the program. The plan-do-study-act approach to collecting data, monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting will be used to ensure that constant changes can be made to reach our goals. Chattanooga Cares will use competitive benchmarking to determine if their levels of sickness are in line with other clinics in the area. Finally, each person will compile his set of data and report to the management team for evaluation of the plan. The team will use the information collected to make adjustments going forward. This collaboration will be completed on a monthly, quarterly, and annually basis. Chattanooga Cares Quality Improvement Plan Quality improvement cannot be implemented without setting the performance standards needed to determine how improvement can succeed. Chattanooga Cares, a non-profit HIV/AIDS clinic, bases its quality improvement plan around the consumers of their services. Chattanooga Cares is a privately-owned AIDS and sexually transmitted disease clinic in downtown Chattanooga, Tennessee. It consists of a small staff of medical personnel, counselors, administrative staff, and volunteers. The staff offers HIV/AIDS testing, medical treatment plans, counseling, life coaching, and economic assistance through various housing, childcare, and financial institutions. The clinic derives its funding from government grants and community fund-raising events. Chattanooga Cares (2013) mission statement is, â€Å"Our focus is AIDS: education, prevention and support for all people affected by HIV† (About Us). Since the patient, and the patient’s network of friends and family, are the central elements in Chattanooga Cares’ mission statement, the role of the patient is integral in quality improvement plans. There are few goals that do not involve the client. Although the clinic is privately-owned, it proudly displays its goals to the public. Because of its grant status, the treatment center must supply statistical information to the governmental agencies that provide the grants. All this information is readily available to the clients that consume their services. Goals and Objectives Some of the quality improvement goals of Chattanooga Cares are reducing the number of new patients infected by AIDS each year; lowering the economic hardships on their clients; maximizing efficiency and cost effectiveness within the office; and increasing training and education of staff. The clients play a major role in what performance standards are chosen. A few of the quality indicators that consumers use in regard to Chattanooga Cares are health outcomes and length of survival rates, screening and treatment frequencies, and satisfaction evaluations. Using feedback from stakeholders effects the way in which future services are conducted and funding is attained. In order to begin a quality improvement plan, certain quality performance standards need to be determined to measure the levels of improvement. Performance standards concern themselves within a health care organization. Palmer (1997) suggests that clinicians must set performance  standards on their individual practices and offer feedback to health care authorities. Two examples of these standards are defining the rate of re-admittance after completing a procedure and setting a limit for number of patients seen daily. Once the standards are determined and goals are set, compilation of everything is developed into the quality improvement plan. The quality improvement plan is the all-encompassing strategy while the performance standards are the steps needed to achieve it. Scope, Description, and Quality Improvement Activities The first part of the improvement goal of Chattanooga Cares is one of reducing the current levels of HIV/AIDS in the 23 counties the organization serves (â€Å"Chattanooga Cares†, 2013). By reducing the number of people affected by the disease, the overall health status of the community will improve and the economic effect on the health care system will be positive. Since 65% of current patients (â€Å"Chattanooga Cares†, 2013) cannot currently obtain health insurance due to their health status, a decline in the infected population will mean less public monies are needed to support the health care of the indigent population infected by the AIDS disease. The best outcome of reaching this goal is a suppression of the AIDS infected population. Education in the community improves the knowledge base of the community as they learn the risk factors of AIDS contraction and hopefully use that wisdom to make wiser choices in sexual partners and intravenous drug usage. Through careful management of current patients’ progress, the team at Chattanooga Cares can evaluate and adjust the health regimen and assure that proper techniques and medication are being used. Data Collection Tools The main goal of Chattanooga Cares revolves around reducing the level of sickness in patients. The data needed are tracking patient progress through the treatment process, and current information of HIV/AIDS manifestation and control. Following patient progress is achieved through the usage of a reminder tracking system. As soon as a new patient is entered into the electronic medical records of the clinic, a tracking system immediately forms to trace the medical journey of the client (Hashim, Prinsloo, & Mirza, 2013). The system sends out emails, automated phone messages, or  texts to patients reminding them of doctor and counseling appointments. It prompts the case manager to contact the patient personally and ask them questions about their general health, response to medication, mental state, and other factors such as housing, employment, and childcare status. By entering information into the tracking system, adjustments can be made to assure that the patient does not degrade in physical and mental health status. This tool can help prolong the lifespan of the patient and help them get better. Over long periods of time, as a patient has developed an effective health regimen, the system stills tracks their progress and reminds the case manager to touch base from time to time. The strengths of this system are that a patient does not drop out of the program and their health status is continually monitored and improved upon. The weakness is that the ongoing information must be entered into the system to be effective; if the staff is too busy or forgets to follow up, then the health of the patient may be compromised. The measurement and display of this tool could be shown through weekly reports which show the number of patients whose contact reminders have not been completed. The last data tool used to track current information on HIV/AIDS is a disease specific flow sheet (Hashim, Prinsloo, & Mirza, 2013). This chart contains information on the steps needed to test and treat people affected by HIV/AIDS. It allows clinicians to follow a prescribed course of medication and counseling for patients and permits changes in the course of health management. The benefits of using this flow chart is that treatment is spelled out for virtually every type of AIDS related illnesses and gives doctors a reference to follow. The only detriment is that the clinic must make sure to have current flow sheets which show new drugs and regimens for patients. If the clinicians are using outdated materials, then best practices are not being put to use. Quality Improvement Processes and Methodology The plan-do-study-act (PDSA) approach to quality improvements is one of small cyclical changes between processes and outcomes. It focuses on making little changes instead of large, broad strokes that can sometimes be too large to tackle at one time. Hughes stated (2008) that the purpose of PDSA is one that tries to â€Å"establish a functional or causal relationship between changes in processes (specifically behaviors and capabilities) and  outcomes† (p. 33 Chapter 44). The PDSA cycle begins by defining the disposition and extent of the issue, what modifications can and should be made, a strategy for a specific change, who should be participating, what should be gauged to comprehend the effect of change, and where the stratagem will be directed. Change is executed and data and materials are collected. The results are studied and clarified by using key measurements that show the levels of success or failure. New steps are developed based on the results and the process begins again (Hughes, 2008). This approach to quality improvement is positive in that allows extensive problems to be disentangled at a rate not overwhelming to those involved. Because PDSA is readily achievable and results are easy to decipher, almost instant gratification can occur. This makes a monumental task easier to tackle – much like eating the proverbial elephant one bite at a time. The drawbacks to this approach are that it is reactive and relies on people to accept constant change in their facility that can result in change fatigue (Hughes, 2008). To achieve the QI goal, the clinic must review continually the data retrieved from the tracking system of patients’ progress through the treatment process. Therefore, the methodology chosen for Chattanooga Cares’ QI plan is PDSA. Because this system focuses on small, continual changes, it will be helpful in staying on track. Another reason for this choice is that the clinic is small and is used to a frantic pace, therefore change is commonly accepted and a part of the norm. Comparative Databases, Benchmarks, and Professional Practice Standards  Hughes (2008) describes benchmarks in health care as â€Å"the continual and collaborative discipline of measuring and comparing the results of key work processes with those of the best performers in evaluating organizational performance† (p. 38, Chapter 44). Competitive benchmarking can be used to compare Chattanooga Cares’ levels of sickness to other organizations offering the same services (Kay, 2007). By using reports from other HIV/AIDS clinics, Chattanooga Cares can compare their levels of sickness to the patients serviced by other treatment centers. Authority, Structure, and Organization The authority structure of Chattanooga Cares is straightforward and simple. Because it is privately owned, there is no board of directors. Instead, Dr. Jay Sizemore, the physician who owns and runs the clinic is the head of the organization (â€Å"www.chattanoogacares.org/†, 2013). Five other positions comprised of a registered nurse, a medical assistant, an LPN, a patient health coordinator, and an office manager, finish out the authoritative staff at the clinic. Although the doctor leads the team, the other five mentioned have equal standing in decision-making and quality improvement implementation. QI issues are discussed within the confines of these six people and all decisions are handed down from them. Each holds their own position within the organization, however, out of necessity, all of them work interchangeably within other people’s job duties. Communication Because of the intimate nature of Chattanooga Cares, quality plans are shared among all the staff. If a particular strategy involves essentially one person’s performance, that person will hold most of the responsibility for implementing, measuring, and ultimately, evaluating the effective of the plan. For instance, one goal is to improve the levels of sickness in the HIV/AIDS patients the clinic serves (â€Å"www.chattanoogacares.org/†, 2013). A tool for implementing and measuring this is a patient tracking system that follows a patient’s progress through the system. The person responsible for this quality improvement device would be the case manager for that patient. This person would monitor the tracking system, collect data through reports, assemble data for team review, evaluate the effectiveness of the QI plan, and ultimately, apply needed improvements. Each person is responsible for his part(s) in any given QI plan as well as gathering data and reporting such data to the team. Education All medical staff must be board certified and all case managers must have a background in social work and be at a minimum a licensed LPN. All education and prevention staff must be state certified in HIV/AIDS testing and prevention counseling (â€Å"www.chattanoogacares.org/†, 2013). Annual training and certification is required by all employed and volunteer  staff to meet conditions of state and federal grant programs. To implement the patient tracking system quality improvement plan, each person working with patients will be included in the introductory training of the software program and be introduced to the goals of the QI plan. This will be communicated by the person overseeing the process, most likely the case manager. Because staffing at the clinic is minimal, this training can take place efficiently, with little loss of productive medical time with patients. The process will be covered from the initial contact with a patient and will continue as long as the patient wished to be under the clinic’s health care plan. Therefore, it is ultimately the responsibility of the entire staff and not just the case manager, to ensure that current information is uploaded to the tracking system, and that prompts by the system are met in a timely manner. Annual Evaluation The evaluation of the QI plan for improving sickness levels in patients’ is done on monthly, quarterly, and annually bases. Because continual evaluation is needed for the plan to succeed, data must be collected before it becomes overwhelming in numbers. If this plan was left entirely to an annual evaluation, it would take weeks, if not months, to assemble, evaluate, and implement changes. The factors gauged are made of up several items – reports showing the follow-up times of patients, data indicating how many patients did not receive required contact during the time period, and the time frames of between the system prompts and response intervals. When complied, this data shows the breakdown in interaction and allows the team to make changes to ensure that patients do not lack in communication between themselves and the clinic. Monitoring the data on a weekly, if not daily basis, allows the QI plan to be more effective by making changes using the PDSA approach. References Hashim, M. J., Prinsloo, A., & Mirza, D. M. (2013, Spring). Quality Improvement Tools for Chronic Disease Care – More Effective Processes are Less Likely to be Implemented in Developing Countries. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 26(1), 14-19. DOI:10.1108/09526861311288604 Hughes, R. G. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2682/ Kay, J. F. (2007, February). Health Care Benchmarking. The Hong Kong Medical Diary, 12(2), 22-7. Retrieved from: http://www.fmshk.org/database/articles/06mbdrflkay.pdf Palmer, H. R. (1997, October). Using Clinical Performance Measures to Drive Quality Improvement. Total Quality Management, 8(5), 305-11. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/219816031 www.chattanoogacares.com (2013). Retrieved on September 3, 2013 from: http://www.chattanoogacares.org/about-us.html

Leadership Styles From The Point Of View - 1294 Words

Comparative Analysis The articles under analysis explore leadership styles from the point of view of their relation to gender (Merchant, 2012) and personality (Yahaya et al., 2011). Merchant (2012) provides a valuable research, which is focused on gender as the major determinant of leadership styles in individuals. Providing an analysis of literature, Merchant (2012) indicates that â€Å"many studies analyzing the intersection of gender and influence tactics have resulted in mixed finding† (p. 24). It proves the argument that gender stereotypes play a major role in attributing particular roles for females and males on the basis of their biological sex and what is expected of them. Whereas Merchant (2012) does not present a particular argument†¦show more content†¦I happened to work under both female and male leadership, and I should admit that the difference between them is not evident – everything depends on personality, and dissimilarities in influence tactics are attributed â₠¬Å"to situational circumstances such as individual setting† (Merchant, 2012, p. 26). Personal Leadership Style My leadership style is both Participative and Democratic, and it is influenced by the three variables – gender, personality, and age. â€Å"Democratic Leader makes the final decision, only after receiving the input and recommendations of all team members,† (Goetsch, 2002). I focus on getting to the bottom of the problem with working through it. Effect of Gender Though gender is a contradictory variable in affecting leadership styles, I should note that gender does play an important role in the way I influence other people. In this aspect, I should agree with Merchant (2012), who indicate, â€Å"women value cooperation [†¦] and have a less clear focus on where the boundaries of their friendships end and their individual identities begin† (p. 18). As a female, I feel I have to work harder than a male doing the same job. Even though, I feel that I have to work harder than a man, I also think that it’s not always about your gender, but how a person is a leader. â€Å"Kanter, argues that males and females who occupy the same organizational role theoretically differ very

The Evolution Of Mitochondrial DNA - 1117 Words

DNA can be a challenge to work with, especially ancient DNA after decomposition and fossilization have taken place (Kelman Kelman, 1999). The perfect preservation condition for DNA is a cold and dry space with little temperature fluctuation (Shabihkhani et al., 2014). Also, it can be hard to decipher between ancient genetic material and a modern humans genetic material, when the antiquated DNA arises from close relatives (Perry Orlando, 2015). Extracting DNA from the nucleus is challenging so many evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is said to be matrilineal, as the DNA comes from the mitochondria of a mother and is passed to their offspring (Spuhler, 1988). The emergence of modern mitochondrial human DNA†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, an increase in DNA derived from Denisovan’s is seen in Oceanian and Southeast Asian modern human populations. However, in Melanesian and Australian Aborigine genome is made up of an estimated 4–6% of Denisovans DNA and ~7% in Papuans (Reich et al., 2010). Recently there has been non-comparative DNA analyses done as no specimens have been discovered, suggesting that some modern human populations in Africa have genetic material from extinct archaic African hominins, as well as some distinct basal western African population lineages (). Neanderthals, known as Homo neanderthalensis and modern humans not only are known to share similar DNA, but they also share a similar language. The FOXP2 gene is the first gene to be involved in the formation of speech and language (Lai et al., 2001). The FOXP2 gene was initially recognized as the genetic factor of a speech disorder in the KE family, who had developmental verbal dyspraxia (Feuk et al., 2006). This sequence variant is a G to T substitution, not commonly associated with ancient DNA damage, therefore likely represents a genuine allele present in the Neanderthals. The mutations in the gene sequence lead to problems with speech, oral and facial muscle control in modern humans, the FOXP2 gene is on a haplotype that is subject to intense selective pressures. Neanderthals and modernShow MoreRelatedStudy Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals. Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635 â€Æ' Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals. ID#:04635 â€Æ' Introduction: - The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in the organismsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Mitochondrial Dna911 Words   |  4 PagesUntil recent years, the mitochondrial genome, located in the mitochondrion, and the genetic information encoded by it have been given little attention. However, recently it became apparent that the mitochondrial genome, despite its small size, is crucial for the study of human evolution and disease, as mtDNA mutations lead to some serious diseases. Mitochondrial DNA is just a small part of the genome. It is a double-stranded circular DNA molecule encoding sequences of 13 polypeptides, which areRead MoreDr. Elaine Sia s Life And Accomplishments1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe project she still works on, the study of mitochondrial DNA repair. In January of 2000, she started as an Assistant Professor in the Biology Dept. at the University of Rochester and has been there ever since. She had very good mentors in her early years, most notably Dr. Joanna Olmsted, who is a member of the Biology department faculty and a Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences until just last year, and Dr. David Hinkle, a colleague and fellow DNA repair researcher. With a PhD in biology, thereRead MoreThe Genetics Of The Human Race914 Words   |  4 Pagesside in Africa will have DNA that is much different from each other than two humans living halfway across the world from each other. The reason for this is due to the fact that Gorillas have many different variations in their species. Humans on the other hand are not so different from each other meaning that there won’t be many genetic variations among humans. Therefore, humans will have a lot of similarities amongst each other. Through studying the ape’s mitochondrial DNA it is proven they have moreRead MoreMitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Disease ( Mngie )1461 Words   |  6 PagesBiology 1December 2016 Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy disease (MNGIE) is an extremely rare disease that affects the process of muscles and shows up in equal numbers of men and women. Only 70 cases of this disease have been reported. A mutation of the thymidine phosphorylase causes MNGIE and lowers the production of adenosine triphosphate production. To begin, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinalRead MoreThe Study of Evolutionary Genomics Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pages1989). Questions that can only be answered by the dissection, analysis and contemplation of the very material that makes us who we are, our genetic blueprint - DNA. The key to the study of human evolution and migration has been found in the sequencing and study of mitochondrial DNA (Figure 1.0) (mtDNA) (Hasegawa et al. 1985), a small haploid DNA molecule found in the in the mitochondria. MtDNA is ideal for the study of evolutionary genomics due to its high cellular availability, high copy and mutationRead MoreStudy Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Through Different Species Of Plants And Animals Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pages Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals. Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635 â€Æ' Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals. ID#:04635 â€Æ' Introduction: - The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in theRead MoreEndosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from ÃŽ ±-proteobacteria bacterium which wasRead MoreDarwinistic Theory of Evolution: Neanderthals vs. Humans Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesthat Homo sapiens evolved from primates and then, by following the Darwinistic theory of evolution, Neanderthals, when in fact they all evolved alongside each other, sharing common ancestors rather than directly coming from one another. This then lead to similarities in the DNA as well to the high probability that there was interbreeding between the species; phylogenic tree mappings of the mitochondrial DNA of numerous different modern humans from around the world as well as the mtDNA of an assortmentRead MoreEssay On Emphysema1402 Words   |  6 Pagescomparison with controls. We also wanted to analyze changes in mitochondrial amount in A549 cells treated with H2O2 for 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h and 2h. We used Tom20 as a marker of mitochondria and live cell confocal micros copy (Zeiss LSM 510). We found time-dependent decreased mitochondrial amount after 2h treatment (Fig. 11). Summary of Preliminary Results †¢ We found high levels of DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- in emphysema. †¢ DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- interacts with DNA in vitro. †¢ DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- interact with NHEJ-1 in emphysema

Implementation Of An Android App For The Campus Security

Implementation of an Android App for the Campus Security David Silva, Felipe Paiva, Marcello Souza, and Mariane Borges Dr. Longinow, ARMOUR College of Engineering TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 1.1: Credibility 2 1.2: Overview 3 2. Technical Approach 3 2.1: Project Activities 3 2.2: Purpose of Plan 4 2.3: Criteria for Success 6 3. Operations Plans 6 3.1: Management and Implementation 6 3.2: Quality Control 7 3.3: Survey Application 7 3.4: Schedule 8 4. Results and Conclusion 9 5. Acknowledgements 15 6. References 15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.0 - Steps to develop a software 4 Figure 2.1 - Android Studio Logo 4 Figure 3.0 - Android Studio Interface 5 Figure 3.4 - Project Schedule Overview 5 Figure 4.0 - Splash screen of the app showing its logo. 10 Figure 4.1 - Login Screen to prevent pranks 10 Figure 4.2 - Main screen showing the buttons. 11 Figure 4.3 - An options menu 11 Figure 4.4 - Panic Button activity 12 Figure 4.5 - The Suspicious Activity Button activity 12 Figure 4.6 - Options menu - Emergency Map 13 Figure 4.7 - Options menu - Feedback 13 FigureShow MoreRelatedProduct Development Kit And Application Program Kit2819 Words   |  12 Pages5. SMARTPHONE MARKET By upcoming trend in year 2015 indicates that the average selling price of all android OS devices included software development kit and application program kit, is predicted to be reach at USD 300 or less. Currently companies are trying to establish smartphones as the mainstream mobile phone in IT industry [12]. Some experts mentioned that the affordability of smartphones must contribute to the growth of smartphones in global market. Few previous reviews already projected thatRead MoreSamsung Strategic Management5130 Words   |  21 PagesE-mail is important for today’s business. This is the way to communicate and expand the business potential and opportunity. Samsung latest android smart phone, S III – is SAFE (Samsung For Enterprise). Samsung For Enterprise (SAFE) is latest development to suite today’s enterprise challenging business environment whereby all the Samsung product, especially android devices line-up is compatibility for business needs. On December 12, 2012  (source from Samsung Malaysia website, www.samsung.com.my)Read MoreSuper Training3039 Words   |  13 PagesBibliography 12 Revision History 14 ABSTRACT This paper is about how SuperTraining Corporation can best utilize various IT resources to gain a competitive adavanted in the area of on-line training and eduction. Some topics sucha as e-commerce, network security and social media adaptations will be discused. Assumptions I have a few assumptions regarding SuperTraing Coporataion and they are: * Students are required to work @ home and attend classes on-site. * SuperTraining Corporation is experiencedRead MoreForeign and Local Related Literature6642 Words   |  27 PagesRESEARCH CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY Input Process Output Feedback Figure 3.0 Research Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure 3.0 described the input, process and output diagrams of research implementation of the new learning strategy. It was classified into three major components namely: input, process, and output elements. These three elements of the system must be integrated with the common purpose to achieve the main objective of the study.Read MoreMobile Devices Security On Federal Government Agency2004 Words   |  9 PagesMobile Security Device Mobile Devices security on Federal Government Agency Team Mates as you know that we have chosen the Requirements in System Development Life Cycle, so have came across the following stages in the Requirements in my research which will be posted below specifically under their requirements. I m going to add up Sunmeet s and Mukesh research too which will help us to make the solid basic points in our PowerPoint slide and ease to present our presentation. The stages are dividedRead MoreSci Damath Andoroid Game9675 Words   |  39 Pagestype of mobile device is the mobile phone. Android phones are very popular now a day. Every month there are new releases of the newest model and brand. Mobile phones are using android operating system. Android phones are effective for the new generation of virtual game and other application. People used their mobile phone by connecting and communicating to others, but android phones can also be use as an entertainment in different application. Android phones are very popular now a day. Every monthRead MoreSocial Media s Effect On The Relations And Connections Of Its Users5887 Words   |  24 PagesAbstract Snapchat now is the third most popular social media app competing with Instagram and Facebook. Moreover, it is defined as an ephemeral instant messaging application that allows users to take pictures, videos, add a caption, doodle and send the content to a friend or add it to the user’s story and share it with the user’ friend list. The snaps can be reviewed up to 10 seconds and then disappear. The snapchat company reporters that Snapchat has 100 million daily users, 65% of those peopleRead MoreDigi Strategic Management17488 Words   |  70 Pages.......................................................................... 54 DiGi BCG Matrix Justifications and Strategies .................................................................... 54 Introduction to Strategic Implementation Action Plan DiGi Strategic Implementation Action Plan ......................................................................... 59 Introduction to Strategic Evaluation – Balanced Scor ecard DiGi Balanced Scorecard/Strategy Map .....................................Read MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesComplete Listing of Chapter Opening Cases, Insight Cases, E-commerce in Action Cases, and Case Studies CHAPTER 1 THE REVOLUTION IS JUST BEGINNING Opening Case: Pinterest: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Insight on Technology: Will Apps Make the Web Irrelevant? Insight on Business: Start-Up Boot Camp Insight on Society: Facebook and the Age of Privacy Case Study: The Pirate Bay: Searching for a Safe Haven CHAPTER 2 E-COMMERCE BUSINESS MODELS AND CONCEPTS Opening Case: Twitter’s BusinessRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesDecision at Baxter Manufacturing Company CASE STUDY III-3 ERP Purchase Decision at Benton Manufacturing Company, Inc. CASE STUDY III-4 The Kuali Financial System: An Open-Source Project CASE STUDY III-5 NIBCO’s â€Å"Big Bang†: An SAP Implementation CASE STUDY III-6 BAT Taiwan: Implementing SAP for a Strategic Transition CASE STUDY III-7 A Troubled Project at Modern Materials, Inc. CASE STUDY III-8 Purchasing and Implementing a Student Management System at Jefferson County

Education in Great Britain Free Essays

————————————————- EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN 6/7. Great   Britain   does   not   have   a   written   constitution,   so   there   are   no   constitutional   provisions   for   education. The   system   of   education   is   determined   by   the   National   Education   Acts. We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Great Britain or any similar topic only for you Order Now Schools   in   England   are   supported   from   public   funds   paid   to   the   local   education   authorities. These   local   education   authorities   are   responsible   for   organizing   the   schools   in   their   areas   and   they   themselves   choose   how   to   do   it. Let’s   outline   the   basic   features   of   public   education   in  Britain. Firstly,   there   are   wide   variations   between   one   part   of   the   country   and   another. For   most   educational   purposes   England   and   Wales   are   treated   as   one   unit,   though   the   system   in   Wales   is   a   little   different   from   that   of  England. Scotland   and  Northern   Ireland   have   their   own   education   systems. Secondly,   education   in   Britain   mirrors   the   country’s   social   system:   it   is   class-divided   and   selective. The   first   division   is   between   those   who   pay   and   those   who   do   not   pay. The   majority   of   schools   in   Britain   are   supported   by   public   funds   and   the   education   provided   is   free. They   are   maintained   schools,   but   there   is   also   a   considerable   number   of   public   schools. Parents   have   to   pay   fees   to   send   their   children   to   these   schools. The   fees   are   high. As   a   matter   of   fact,   only   very   rich   families   can   send   their   children   to   public   schools   as   well   as   to   the   best   universities,   such   as   Oxford   and  Cambridge. Another   important   feature   of   schooling   in   Britain   is   a   variety   of   opportunities   offered   to   schoolchildren. The   English   school   syllabus   is   divided   into   Arts   (or   Humanities)   and   Sciences,   which   determine   the   division   of   the   secondary   school   pupils   into   study   groups:   a   Science   pupil   will   study   Chemistry,   Physics,   Mathematics   (Maths),   Economics,   Technical   Drawing,   Biology,   Geography;   an   Art   pupil   will   do   the   English   Language   and   Literature,   History,   foreign   languages,   Music,   Art,   Drama. Besides   these   subjects   they   must   do   some   general   education   subjects   like   Physical   Education   (PE),   Home   Economics   for   girls,   and   Technical   subjects   for   boys,   General   Science. Computers   play an   important   part   in   education. There   is   a   system   of   careers   education   for   schoolchildren   in  Britain. It   is   a   three-year   course. The   system   of   option   exists   in   all   kinds   of   secondary   schools. Besides,   the   structure   of   the   curriculum   and   the   organization   of   teaching   vary   from   school   to   school. Headmasters   and   headmistresses   of   schools   are   given   a   great   deal   of   freedom   in   deciding   what   is   taught   and   how   in   their   schools   so   that   there   is   really   no   central   control   at   all   over   individual   schools. The   National   Education   Act   of   1944   provided   three   stages   of   education;   primary,   secondary   and   further   education. Compulsory   schooling   in   England   and   Wales   lasts   11   years,   from   the   age   of   5   to   16. After   the   age   of   16   a   growing   number   of   school   students   are   staying   on   at   school,   some   until   18   or   19,   the   age   of   entry   into   higher   education   in   universities   and   Polytechnics. British   university   courses   are   rather   short,   generally   lasting   for   3   years. The   cost   of   education   depends   on   the   college   and   speciality   which   one   chooses. Pre-primary   and   Primary   Education Nurseries. Primary   School. Streaming. The   Eleven   Plus   Examination. No   More   of   It? In   some   areas   of   England   there   are   nursery   schools  Ã‚  3   for   children   under   5   years   of   age. Some   children   between   two   and   five   receive   education   in   nursery   classes   or   in   infants   classes   in   primary   schools. Many   children   attend   informal   pre-school   play-groups   organized   by   parents   in   private   homes. Nursery   schools   are   staffed   with   teachers   and   students   in   training. There   are   all   kinds   of   toys   to   keep   the   children   busy   from   9   o’clock   in   the   morning   till   4   o’clock   in   the   afternoon   –   while   their   parents   are   at   work. Here   the   babies   play,   lunch   and   sleep. They   can   run   about   and   play   in   safety   with   someone   keeping   an   eye   on   them. For   day   nurseries   which   remain   open   all   the   year   round   (he   parents   pay   according   to   their   income. The   local   education   authority’s   nurseries   are   free. But   only   about   three   children   in   100   can   go   to   them:   there   aren’t   enough   places,   and   the   waiting   lists   are   rather   long. Most   children   start   school   at   5   in   a   primary   school. A   primary   school   may   be divided   into   two   parts   -infants   and   juniors. At   infants   school   reading,   writing   and   arithmetic   are   taught   for   about   20   minutes   a   day   during   the   first   year,   gradually   increasing   to   about   2   hours   in   their   last   year. There   is   usually   no   written   timetable. Much   time   is   spent   in   modelling   from   clay   or   drawing,   reading   or   singing. By   the   time   children   are   ready   for   the   junior   school   they   will   be   able   to   read   and   write,   do   simple   addition   and   subtraction   of   numbers. At   7   children   go   on   from   the   infants   school   to   the   junior   school. This   marks   the   transition   from   play   to   â€Å"real   work†. The   children   have   set   periods   of   arithmetic,   reading   and   composition   which   are   all   Eleven   Plus   subjects. History,   Geography,   Nature   Study,   Art   and   Music,   Physical   Education,   Swimming   are   also   on   the   timetable. Pupils   are   streamed   according   to   their   abilities   to   learn   into   A,   B,   ?   and   D   streams. The   least   gifted   are   in   the   D   stream. Formally   towards   the   end   of   their   fourth   year   the   pupils   wrote   their   Eleven   Plus   Examination. The   hated   11   +   examination   was   a   selective   procedure   on   which   not   only   the   pupils’   future   schooling   but   their   future   careers   depended. The   abolition   of   selection   at   Eleven   Plus   Examination   brought   to   life   comprehensive   schools   where   pupils   can   get   secondary   education. Secondary   Education Comprehensive   Schools. Grammar   Schools. Secondary   Modern   Schools. The   Sixth   Form. No   More   Inequality?. Cuts   on   School   Spending After   the   age   of   11,   most   children   go   to   comprehensive   schools   of   which   the   majority   are   for   both   —boys   and   girls. About   90   per   cent   of   all   state-financed   secondary   schools   are   of   this   type. Most   other   children   receive   secondary   education   in   grammar   and   secondary   modern   schools. Comprehensive   schools   were   introduced   in   1965. The   idea   of   comprehensive   education,   supported   by   the   Labour   Party,   was   to   give   all   children   of   whatever   background   the   same   opportunity   in   education. Only   about   20   per   cent   of   children   study   for   the   General   Certificate   of   Education,   Ordinary   Level   (GCE   ?-level). Most   children   do   not   pass   GCE   examinations. They   leave   school   at   16   without   any   real   qualification   and   more   often than   not   increase   the   ranks   of   unemployed   people. Pupils   of   modern   schools   take   their   Certificate   of   Secondary   Education   (CSE)   examinations   while   in   grammar   schools   almost   all   children   stay   to   sixteen   to   take   ?-levels. More   than   half   of   them   stay   on   to   take   ?-levels. Some   comprehensive   and   many   secondary   schools,   however,   do   not   have   enough   academic   courses   for   sixth-formers. Pupils   can   transfer   either   to   a   grammar   school   or   to   a   sixth-form   college   to   get   the   courses   they   want. The   majority   of   schools   in  Scotland   are   six-year   comprehensives. Secondary   education   in   Northern   Ireland   is   organized   along   selective   lines   according   to   children’s   abilities. One   can   hardly   say   that   high   quality   secondary   education   is   provided   for   all   in  Britain. There   is   a   high   loss   of   pupils   from   working-class   families   at   entry   into   the   sixth   form. If   you   are   a   working-class   child   at   school   today,   the   chance   of   your   reaching   the   second   year   of   a   sixth-   form   course   is   probably   less   than   one-twelfth   of   that   for   the   child   of   a   professional   parent. Besides,   government   cuts   on   school   spending   caused   many   difficulties. Secondary   School   Examinations Time   for   Examinations. GCE. CSE. The   Sixth   Forms. CEE. GCSE Pupils   at   secondary   schools   in   England   (that   is,   pupils   between   the   ages   of   twelve   and   eighteen)   have   two   main   exams   to   worry   about,   both   called   GCE   —   General   Certificate   of   Education. They   take   the   first   one   when   they   are   about   fifteen. It’s   called   O-   level. There   is   an   exam   which   you   can   take   instead   of   ?-level:   it   is   called   the   CSE   (Certificate   of   Secondary   Education),   and   it   is   not   as   difficult   as   O-level. Most   pupils   take   ?-level   in   about   seven   or   eight   different   subjects. There   are   lots   of   subjects   to   choose   from   —everything   from   carpentry   to   ancient   languages. For   a   lot   of   jobs,   such   as   nursing,   or   assistant   librarian,   you   must   have   four   or   five   ?-levels,   and   usually   these   must   include   English   and   Maths. You   may   leave   school   when   you   are   16. But   if   you   stay   at   school   after   taking   ?-level,   you   go   into   the   sixth   form. The   sixth   forms   and   sixth-form   colleges   offer   a   wide   range   of   courses. Ordinary   level   alternative,   CEE   (Certificate   of   Extended Education)   and   CSE   courses   are   offered   to   pupils   who   need   qualifications   at   a   lower   level. But   if   you   have   made   up   your   mind   to   gain   entry   to   a   university,   Polytechnic   or   college   of   further   education   you   have   to   start   working   for   the   second   main   examination   —   A-level. Most   people   take   ?-level   when   they   are   about   eighteen. It   is   quite   a   difficult   exam,   so   people   don’t   usually   take   it   in   more   than   3   subjects—   and   some   only   in   one   or   two   subjects. Three   ?-levels   are   enough   to   get   you   in   to   most   universities. For   others,   such   as   Oxford   and  Cambridge,   you   have   to   take   special   exams   as   well. A   new   school-leaving   certificate   is   planned,   however,   and   O-level   and   CSE   will   be   replaced   by   one   public   exam,   the   General   Certificate   of   Secondary   Education   (GCSE). It   is   to   show   how   children   worked   throughout   5   years   of   secondary   school. 5. Parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom should be seen as a referendum on the performance of sitting MPs, not merely as a snapshot nationwide opinion poll determining party voting weights for the next Parliament. The electoral system affects the degree to which voters may hold their representatives to account for their actions in the previous Parliament; changes which would diminish this accountability mechanism should be resisted. The UK presently has a legislature whose unelected chamber better reflects the relative strength of the Labour, Conservative, Liberal Democrat and None of the Above parties. Conversely, if Labour and the Conservatives each won 50% of the vote, the other chamber would have a sizable Labour majority. 51% of the seats in the Lower House delivers 100% of the power, and this can be captured by Labour on about 40% of the vote. Nevertheless, whenever Labour runs into opposition from the chamber which, in any other context, would be described as more â€Å"representative† by people who go in for that kind of thing, it threatens to force its legislation through under the Parliament Acts, on the grounds that the Lower House is more â€Å"democratic†. The Lower House  is  more democratic. Contrary to the self-serving views of the Liberal Democrats and other jejune supporters of electoral â€Å"reform†, what matters for democracy is not representativeness or proportionality, so much as accountability and responsiveness. When MPs behave in accordance with their constituents’ wishes, this is to be preferred to their merely existing in party groupings of such sizes as best reflect their constituents’ choices at the previous election. When discussing electoral reform in the UK, retaining a â€Å"constituency link† is often posited as a requirement. That is to say, it is felt to be necessary that everyone should have an MP who is in some sense â€Å"theirs†, normally meaning that people are grouped into geographical areas and each area gets its own MP. A weaker version of this permits multiple MPs for each area. This is supposed to be good because it means that there’s automatically someone in Parliament to go to with one’s grievances. There is a much better reason why it happens to be good. If we merely say that everyone must have one or a small number of MPs, that does not imply that every MP must have his own constituency. The German federal electoral system and its antipodean imitator in New Zealand affords MPs who have no constituencies: they are elected from party lists and assigned in such numbers as ensure that the proportion of MPs in each party in the chamber match the proportion of the vote each party won. This category of MPs shares the same vice as MPs in a chamber fully elected by a proportional system: they can’t be voted out of office directly. If your MP decides to go against the wishes of his constituents, they can contact him and say, â€Å"Hi, your majority at the last election was 2000; we, the undersigned 1001 who voted for you last time will vote against your party next time unless you buck the whip on this issue we care about. † The easier it is to do this, the more likely the behaviour of an MP will reflect the wishes of constituents. Don’t believe the canard about votes not counting: every vote against the person who won counts against his majority and makes him more susceptible to pressure from his constituents before the next election. The electoral system can restrain this tactic. It works well under First Past The Post, and similar systems. Generally, increasing the number of MPs who represent a single constituency has the effect of making this tactic harder, as the punishment from electors may be spread across several MPs, especially if the electors cannot choose which MPs from a paricular party get the benefit of their vote. This is a notorious problem with the European Parliamentary elections in Great Britain: if some MEP is the ringleader for a particularly odious policy, she cannot easily be voted out without voting out the colleagues from her party. Even when a free choice on the preferential ordering of MPs is permitted, it is difficult to stop the disliked MP from riding back to election on the coattails of his more popular colleagues. So, in order of preferability, the electoral systems rank as follows: * First Past The Post, and Alternative Vote Single Transferable Vote in multimember constituencies * Proper Proportional Representation systems with open lists * Proper Proportional Representation systems with closed lists Having said all this, it must be stressed that electoral reform for the House of Commons should not be considered in isolation from the composition of the other chamber, and the relation between the Commons and three other institutions: the executive, the House of lords, and the courts. Some notes: Alternative Vote is the Australian name for a system which when used in single-member constituencies is identical to STV: electors rank the candidates in order of preference, and the least popular candidate is repeatedly eliminated until someone has over 50%; essentially, once a candidate is eliminated, a vote is regarded as counting for whichever remaining candidate was most preferred by its caster. The effect of this system tends to be obliteration of extremists without penalising or â€Å"wasting† protest votes. It should be noted that in the British debate, â€Å"Proportional Representation† is used to mean proper PR systems  and  STV/AV. The Australian Electoral Commission  used  to have an excellent webpage with a classification of all the electoral systems used in Australia’s twenty-odd legislative chambers, but they’ve apparently improved it off their site now. Other fallacious views on electoral systems which it is useful to rebut at this juncture include the contention that FPTP entrenches a two-party system (in fact, the number of parties is contingent on the geographical concentration of voters), that AV in the UK in 1997 would have led to a larger Labour majority (only if you didn’t tell people and the parties what the electoral system was in advance, otherwise the parties would have behaved differently), and that geographical constituencies are a relic of a bygone age and are being replaced by PR across Europe, or at least the world. FPTP is described by Hilaire Barnett in her militantly Anglosceptic tome on the British constitution as â€Å"still† existing in some dusty English-speaking corners of the planet; in fact some countries using PR have been moving towards constituencies: Italy did in the 1990s, and the Dutch are considering a similar move. 2. POLITICAL PARTIES The idea of political parties first took form in Britain and the Conservative Party claims to be the oldest political party in the world. Political parties began to form during the English civil wars of the 1640s and 1650s. First, there were Royalists and Parliamentarians; then Tories and Whigs. Whereas the Whigs wanted to curtail the power of the monarch, the Tories – today the Conservatives – were seen as the patriotic party. Today there are three major political parties in the British system of politics: * The Labour Party – the centre-Left party currently led by Ed Miliband * The Conservative Party (frequently called the Tories) – the centre-Right party currently led by David Cameron * The Liberal Democrat Party (known as the Lib Dems) – the centrist, libertarian party currently led by Nick Clegg In addition to these three main parties, there are some much smaller UK parties (notably the UK Independence Party and the Green Party) and some parties which operate specifically in Scotland (the Scottish National Party), Wales (Plaid Cymru) or Northern Ireland (such as Sinn Fein for the nationalists and the Democratic Unionist Party for the loyalists). Each political party chooses its leader in a different way, but all involve all the Members of Parliament of the party and all the individual members of that party. By convention, the leader of the political party with the largest number of members in the House of Commons becomes the Prime Minster (formally at the invitation of the Queen). Political parties are an all-important feature of the British political system because: * The three main political parties in the UK have existed for a century or more and have a strong and stable ‘brand image’. * It is virtually impossible for someone to be elected to the House of Commons without being a member of an established political party. * All political parties strongly ‘whip’ their elected members which means that, on the vast majority of issues, Members of Parliament of the same party vote as a ‘block’. Having said this, the influence of the hree main political parties is not as dominant as it was in the 1940s and 1950s because: * The three parties have smaller memberships than they did since voters are much less inclined to join a political party. * The three parties secure a lower overall percentage of the total vote since smaller parties between them now take a growing share of the vote. * Voters are much less ‘tribal’, supporting the same party at every election, and much more likely to ‘float, voting for different parties at successive elections. * The ideological differences between the parties are less than they were with the parties adopting more ‘pragmatic’ positions on many issues. In the past, class was a major determinant of voting intention in British politics, with most working class electors voting Labour and most middle class electors voting Conservative. These days, class is much less important because: * Working class numbers have shrunk and now represent only 43% of the electorate. * Except at the extremes of wealth, lifestyles are more similar. * Class does not determine voting intention so much as values, trust and competence. In the British political system, there is a broad consensus between the major parties on: * the rule of law * the free market economy * the national health service * UK membership of European Union and NATO The main differences between the political parties concern: * how to tackle poverty and inequality * the levels and forms of taxation * the extent of state intervention in the economy * the balance between collective rights and individual rights How to cite Education in Great Britain, Essay examples

Essay Example The Mall Example For Students

Essay Example: The Mall Lets go to the mall. This comment is one of the few statements that can be heard coming from the mouths of both sexes. While typically associated with shopping, and thus automatically, and unfairly, females, going to the mall has mutual attractions to both males and females. Since the massive increase of shopping malls in this country, the popularity of going to the mall has increased a thousand fold for everyone. For females the reason that going to the mall is so popular is very clear. Females were always taught that their rightful place is at home taking care of their families this statement is aid without trying to sound chauvinistic. When the car made a sudden impact on the world during the middle part of the century, even more responsibilitys were added to the wifes list of to dos. The wife no longer just took care of the family. She now was able to go out and shop for food, clothes, or anything else that her family may need. In a sense the wife now had more freedom to take care of the family by being away from the home more. Today women are no different then their 1950s counterparts. While contemporary women are much more free-minded about their own place in society, there still lies the motherly instinct to go out and purchase for the family. This instinct may change in time, but until that change occurs this cause shall remain as the chief reason why women got to the mall or go shopping. On the other hand, males go for a completely different reason. The malls are where all the new toys are. This may sound childish, and theoretically unscientific for a cause of male insurgence at malls, but the statement lies in fact. Whenever a new computer product, sports equipment, or masculine item show up, one of the first places that these new toys are showed off are at center concourses in malls. Nowhere else in the world can a person see flocks of guys leaving their wives at jewelry stores to watch a woman who looks like she was sculptured by a Greek master work-out on some new, crazy-looking contraption which I hear can be very dangerous if a person likes his credit account, or if he doesnt have a very trusting wife. Another chief reason for men going to malls is because that location is where all the women are, or at least malls and singles bars another statement said without trying to sound chauvinistic. When the question is really looked at, there is only one cause for the sudden insurgence of both male and females going to shopping malls. Humans as a whole are a communal species. People always need to be around other people, the race is very much so gregarious. So, after hours of being at work, sitting behind a small desk inside an even smaller cubicle, shut-off from the rest of the world, men and women just long to be around others of their own species having a good time. In other words, it is off to the mall for many people after a hard day of work, so that they can be around other people. This communal structure of human society has been around since man was in his basic primate form. This structure also seems to be continuing, despite the attempts of computer manufacturers and Internet entrepreneurs to keep the human race logged-on 24 hours a day. Unfortunately, shopping will always be considered feminine. The only reason that can be found to explain this fact is the motherly instinct of most women that was mentioned earlier. .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .postImageUrl , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:hover , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:visited , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:active { border:0!important; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:active , .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81 .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42e0f81673d0e701976532bd8d39ed81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Title: Militant Monks EssayAccording to recent history, men are not supposed to enjoy shopping or going to the mall. However, like so many other things that history has attempted to control, the gender gap at shopping malls has been almost obliterated. Today going to the mall is a statement that is not uncommon to hear from males and females. Even though most men and women will say that they go to the mall for totally different reason, the truth, as proven through millions of years of evolution, is far different.

Motivation Essays (1169 words) - Ethology, Evolutionary Biology

Motivation Motivation explains why people behave as they do. Some scientists view motivation as the factor that determines behaviour, as expressed in the phrase All behaviour is motivated.(World Book, 1986, p.721). Other scientists focus on two certain aspects of motivated behaviour, excitement or exhilaration of behaviour, that is motivation arouses an organism and causes it to act, and the direction of behaviour, which is lead by habits, skills, abilities and structural features. (World Book, 1986). This essay aims to describe the four theories of motivation, Instinct theory, Sociobiology, Drive-Reduction theory and Incentive theory. I will be relating each theory to George`s behaviour and whether they do or do not apply to George`s behaviour. Instinct is behaviour that is inherited rather than learned. Instinct is an inborn tendency/biological force that dominates behaviour. (Weiten, 1995). William McDougall (1908) viewed instincts as unlearned, universal in expression and universal in a species. (Weiten, 1995). John Bowlby (1969) views instinct with regards to baby`s attachment to their parents or caregivers, as in-built. His reason for this development is that babies stay close to their parents because they are provided with protection. Human instincts are more flexible and more open to learning experiences than those of other species. Just like the imprinting of baby geese, so too do human babies attach to his/her parents after many hours of interaction. [Wortman, C. , Loftus, E. and Weaver, C. (1999)]. An example of instinctual behaviour is that all ants build anthills in the same way, even when they are not raised together, then the anthill building behaviour is instinctual and not a learned response.(Weiten, 1995). Sex in humans is also instinctual. We are not born with the desire to engage in sexual activities but as we reach puberty, there is a need for sexual stimulation. Even though we might not know what to do, it is instinctual. But, instincts only describe behaviour, they do not explain why a person engages in behaviour. Therefore with regards to the case study, George`s behaviour, (running the marathon), is not instinctual. Not everyone is born to run a marathon, it is a learned response. (Weiten, 1995). Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for the social behaviour of humans and other animals. (Worldbook, 1986). Sociobiologists try to ascertain the function of various types of behaviour in the life of an animal. Sociobiology is based on the theory that the central process of life is the struggle of genes to reproduce themselves. Theorists believe that natural preference favours behaviour that maximises reproductive attainment - transmitting genes to the next generation. According to this theory, an organism inherits inclinations to develop certain types of behaviour, and these behaviour patterns increase an organism`s chances of transferring its genes to the next generation. It is believed that an organism can transmit its genes on, not only by reproducing but also by helping related organisms survive and reproduce.(Weiten, 1995).An example of this would be a bee stinging an intruder bee, in order to protect the life and genes of the queen bee (an organism sacrificing their life, for others, therefore passing on its genes). A human`s will, for sacrificing their life for a relative or someone they know, is much stronger than that of sacrificing their life for someone they do not know. A lady will not usually sacrifice her life by running across the road to save a child, (that she does not know), in traffic, whereas if it were her own child, she would sacrifice her life in order to save her child`s life and to carry on the genes. (Weiten, 1995). There are ongoing debates about sociobiology and its relevance to human motivation. Some theorists believe that sociobiologists overestimate the influence of biology and underestimate the influence of culture. (Deverell, A., 1999). In the African culture, African men consider African women with large buttocks appealing, but may be viewed as unattractive in other cultures. [Wortman, C. , Loftus, E. and Weaver, C. (1999)]. George is exhibiting perseverance in the face of everything bad. George`s perseverance is a trait that is beneficial to his survival. George did not run to protect his genes, it was his own motivation that made him run the marathon. Most people would not persevere as George did. Drive Theory: Clark Hull (1884-1952) defines a drive as an observation that organism`s seek to maintain homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium/stability. (Hull in Weiten, 1995, p.378). A drive assists an organism in alleviating inner tension. For example drinking to alleviate thirst. Drive theory explains why people eat, sleep, seek pleasure, avoid pain and engage in