The Evolution Of Mitochondrial DNA - 1117 Words

DNA can be a challenge to work with, especially ancient DNA after decomposition and fossilization have taken place (Kelman Kelman, 1999). The perfect preservation condition for DNA is a cold and dry space with little temperature fluctuation (Shabihkhani et al., 2014). Also, it can be hard to decipher between ancient genetic material and a modern humans genetic material, when the antiquated DNA arises from close relatives (Perry Orlando, 2015). Extracting DNA from the nucleus is challenging so many evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is said to be matrilineal, as the DNA comes from the mitochondria of a mother and is passed to their offspring (Spuhler, 1988). The emergence of modern mitochondrial human DNA†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, an increase in DNA derived from Denisovan’s is seen in Oceanian and Southeast Asian modern human populations. However, in Melanesian and Australian Aborigine genome is made up of an estimated 4–6% of Denisovans DNA and ~7% in Papuans (Reich et al., 2010). Recently there has been non-comparative DNA analyses done as no specimens have been discovered, suggesting that some modern human populations in Africa have genetic material from extinct archaic African hominins, as well as some distinct basal western African population lineages (). Neanderthals, known as Homo neanderthalensis and modern humans not only are known to share similar DNA, but they also share a similar language. The FOXP2 gene is the first gene to be involved in the formation of speech and language (Lai et al., 2001). The FOXP2 gene was initially recognized as the genetic factor of a speech disorder in the KE family, who had developmental verbal dyspraxia (Feuk et al., 2006). This sequence variant is a G to T substitution, not commonly associated with ancient DNA damage, therefore likely represents a genuine allele present in the Neanderthals. The mutations in the gene sequence lead to problems with speech, oral and facial muscle control in modern humans, the FOXP2 gene is on a haplotype that is subject to intense selective pressures. Neanderthals and modernShow MoreRelatedStudy Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals. Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635 â€Æ' Title: Study of Evolution of Mitochondria in different species of plants and Animals. ID#:04635 â€Æ' Introduction: - The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in the organismsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Mitochondrial Dna911 Words   |  4 PagesUntil recent years, the mitochondrial genome, located in the mitochondrion, and the genetic information encoded by it have been given little attention. However, recently it became apparent that the mitochondrial genome, despite its small size, is crucial for the study of human evolution and disease, as mtDNA mutations lead to some serious diseases. Mitochondrial DNA is just a small part of the genome. It is a double-stranded circular DNA molecule encoding sequences of 13 polypeptides, which areRead MoreDr. Elaine Sia s Life And Accomplishments1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthe project she still works on, the study of mitochondrial DNA repair. In January of 2000, she started as an Assistant Professor in the Biology Dept. at the University of Rochester and has been there ever since. She had very good mentors in her early years, most notably Dr. Joanna Olmsted, who is a member of the Biology department faculty and a Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences until just last year, and Dr. David Hinkle, a colleague and fellow DNA repair researcher. With a PhD in biology, thereRead MoreThe Genetics Of The Human Race914 Words   |  4 Pagesside in Africa will have DNA that is much different from each other than two humans living halfway across the world from each other. The reason for this is due to the fact that Gorillas have many different variations in their species. Humans on the other hand are not so different from each other meaning that there won’t be many genetic variations among humans. Therefore, humans will have a lot of similarities amongst each other. 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The key to the study of human evolution and migration has been found in the sequencing and study of mitochondrial DNA (Figure 1.0) (mtDNA) (Hasegawa et al. 1985), a small haploid DNA molecule found in the in the mitochondria. MtDNA is ideal for the study of evolutionary genomics due to its high cellular availability, high copy and mutationRead MoreStudy Of Evolution Of Mitochondria Through Different Species Of Plants And Animals Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pages Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals. Aayushi Shah shah.947 ID#:200404635 â€Æ' Title: Study of Evolution in Mitochondria through different species of plants and Animals. ID#:04635 â€Æ' Introduction: - The mitochondria is a double membrane organelle that is found in all eukaryotic organisms. There is some evidence that proves some eukaryotes lack mitochondria, but there is no true evidence about complete lack of mitochondria in theRead MoreEndosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from ÃŽ ±-proteobacteria bacterium which wasRead MoreDarwinistic Theory of Evolution: Neanderthals vs. Humans Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesthat Homo sapiens evolved from primates and then, by following the Darwinistic theory of evolution, Neanderthals, when in fact they all evolved alongside each other, sharing common ancestors rather than directly coming from one another. This then lead to similarities in the DNA as well to the high probability that there was interbreeding between the species; phylogenic tree mappings of the mitochondrial DNA of numerous different modern humans from around the world as well as the mtDNA of an assortmentRead MoreEssay On Emphysema1402 Words   |  6 Pagescomparison with controls. We also wanted to analyze changes in mitochondrial amount in A549 cells treated with H2O2 for 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h and 2h. We used Tom20 as a marker of mitochondria and live cell confocal micros copy (Zeiss LSM 510). We found time-dependent decreased mitochondrial amount after 2h treatment (Fig. 11). Summary of Preliminary Results †¢ We found high levels of DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- in emphysema. †¢ DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- interacts with DNA in vitro. †¢ DJ-1-Cys-106-SO3- interact with NHEJ-1 in emphysema